ACES field guide: surface ruptures of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake

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Howell A, Langridge RM, Van Dissen RJ, Nicol A. 2023. ACES field guide: surface ruptures of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. Lower Hutt (NZ): GNS Science. 60 p. (GNS Science miscellaneous series; 145). doi:10.21420/0Z9N-5A91.

Abstract:
The 2016 November 14 Kaikōura MW 7.8 earthquake occurred in the northern South Island of New Zealand, rupturing several faults of the Marlborough Fault System … The Marlborough Fault System accommodates 35–40 mm/year of relative motion between the Pacific and Australian plates (Beavan et al. 2002). This motion is accommodated primarily through slip on the right-lateral Wairau (4.4–5.4 mm/yr; Seebeck et al. 2022), Awatere (4–8 mm/yr), Clarence (3.5–5 mm/yr), Kekerengu (20–26 mm/yr) and Hope faults. The 2016 earthquake occurred close to the Hope Fault, which has one of the fastest Late Holocene slip rates of these faults (up to ~25 mm/year; Langridge et al. 2003; Little et al. 2018). The Kaikōura earthquake nucleated on or near the Humps Fault in North Canterbury … and propagated northeast (Duputel and Rivera 2017; Kaiser et al. 2017); it ruptured over 20 onshore and offshore faults with a wide variety of fault orientations and slip styles (Litchfield et al. 2018). Almost half of the faults that ruptured during the earthquake had not been mapped previously, although most seismic moment was released on faults that had been mapped. Surprisingly, slip on the Hope Fault was minimal (<1 m; Litchfield et al. 2018), despite (1) its favourable orientation for the accommodation of relative Australia–Pacific plate motion in the region (Nicol et al. 2018) and (2) the rupture of similarly oriented faults north and south of the Hope Fault. The faults that ruptured in the Kaikōura earthquake can be divided spatially into two groups, separated by the Hope Fault ... The southern group includes the Humps, Leader, Conway-Charwell and Hundalee faults, among others (Litchfield et al. 2018; Nicol et al. 2018). The northern group of faults includes the Papatea, Kekerengu and Needles faults and several faults in the Seaward Kaikōura Range (Kearse et al. 2018; Langridge et al. 2018; Litchfield et al. 2018; Zinke et al. 2019; Howell et al. 2020). (The authors)